This textbook presents for the first time a comprehensive body of the latest knowledge in the field of neuropeptides and their action on energy balance. It contains a detailed and comprehensive account of the specific hypothalamic peptides in regards to their roles in energy balance food intake control and comorbidities to better understand the pathophysiology of obesity.The textbook includes an examination the history of the evolution of human society from a thin to the obese phenotype and within that context how modern society habits and industrial food production did not respect the evolutionary trait resulting in changes in the energy balance set point. It provides a novel conceptualization of the problem of obesity when considering the biochemistry of peptide hormones and entertaining novel ideas on multiple approaches to the problems of energy balance as well as demonstrates and explains why alterations in prohormone processing are paramount to understand metabolic disease.ampampnbspThis text is excellent material for teaching graduate and medical school courses as well as aampampnbspvaluableampampnbspresource for researchers in biochemistry cell and molecular biology neuroscientists physician endocrinologists and nutritionists.